Andrologia

Review Article

Testis–Gut-Reproduction Axis: The Key to Reproductive Health

Table 1

Gastrointestinal hormones with potential protective effects on male reproductive function.
AuthorResearch objectGIT hormone or related moleculesExpression siteAction
Schalling et al. [21]Monkey, humanGAS, GAS mRNAHuman seminiferous tubules, sperm cellsReleasing during sperm acrosome reaction, promoting fertilization
Li et al. [22]SD ratsGAS receptorTestisAssociating with testicular injury
Killion et al. [23]MiceGIP receptorTestisActing on the development of sperm fertilization potential
Shimizu et al. [24]MiceGIP receptorTestisPromoting sperm–egg fusion
Persson et al. [25]Rat, mouse, guinea pig, pig, monkeyCCK, pro-CCK, CCK mRNASpermatogenic cells, sperm cells, epididymisPromoting sperm–egg fusion
Persson et al. [26]Rat, mouseCCK, CCK mRNASeminiferous tubulesActing on spermatogenesis
Zhou et al. [27]MiceCCK receptorAcrosomal region of mature spermActing on sperm capacitation
Fernandez–Fernandez et al. [28]RatNPY receptor (Y2, Y5) mRNAHypothalamus, pituitaryControlling LH and FSH secretion
Pinilla et al. [29]RatNPY receptor (Y2, Y5) mRNA (but not related to function)Hypothalamus, pituitaryStimulating LH and FSH secretion
Izzi-Engbeaya et al. [30]HumanPYY—Acute intravenous infusion of PYY not affecting the reproductive axis in healthy men
Caltabiano et al. [31]Human, mice, ratGLP-1 receptor, GLP-1 receptor mRNALeydig cellsInhibiting Leydig cell tumors
Martins et al. [32]HumanGLP-1 receptorSertoli cellsRegulating testicular energy homeostasis
Li et al. [33]RatGLP-1Leydig cellsStimulating stem Leydig cell development
Yesil et al. [34]RatGLP-1 analogStromal cells, endothelial cells of testisReducing iron accumulation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis
Abdel-Hakeem et al. [35]RatGLP-1 analogTestisInhibiting apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, activating autophagy of testis
Abdullah et al. [36]RatGLP-1 analog, KisspeptinTestisImproving testicular oxidative state, suppressing testicular inflammation and apoptosis
Degirmentepe et al. [37]RatGLP-1 analogTestisInhibiting testicular inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis
Yuan et al. [38]RatGLP-1 analog, GLP-1 receptorCorpus cavernosum smooth muscle cellsRegulating smooth muscle dysfunction, oxidative stress, and autophagy
Agnese et al. [39]Cartilaginous fishVIP, VPAC2R (VIP receptor)Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, prespermatogonia, spermatogoniaActing on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis
Rosati et al. [40]Podarcis sicula, RattusVIP, VPAC1R, VPAC2REpididymisControlling sperm maturation and fertilization
Siow et al. [41]HumanVIPSperm cellsStimulating sperm motile activity
Gong et al. [42]HumanVIPLeydig cells, intratesticular arteriolesRegulating testicular function
Lissbrant et al. [43]RatVIPTestisIncreasing blood flow in the testis
Can et al. [44]RatVIPTestisInhibiting mast cell activity, increasing the heparin content, protecting testicular tissue from detorsion injury
Willis et al. [45]Rabbit, human, monkeyVIPPenis and other genitourinary tractUpgrading penile intumescence and erection