Research Article
Effects of Phytase and Microalgae Supplementation on the Utilization of Aquafeeds for European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Formulated with a High Inclusion Level of Plant Protein
Table 1
Ingredient composition (g/kg dry matter), proximate composition (% dry matter, mean ± SD, n = 3), and fatty acid profile (% total fatty acids, mean ± SD, n = 3) of the experimental diets.
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Dietary codes: CT, control diet without microalgae and phytase; 500F, diet containing 2.5% microalgae + 500 FTU; 1,000F, diet containing 2.5% microalgae + 1,000 FTU; 2,000F, diet containing 2.5% microalgae + 2,000 FTU; and 10,000F, diet containing 2.5% microalgae + 10,000 FTU. 1In total, 69.4% crude protein, 12.3% crude lipid (Norsildemel, Bergen, Norway). 2,3,4Purchased from Bacarel (UK). CPSP90 is enzymatically predigested fishmeal. 5A blend of marine (N. gaditana) and freshwater (A. platensis) microalgae (1 : 1): total P: 1.12 g and 0.9 g 100 g; total phytate P: 0.01 g and 0.01 g 100 g in N. gaditana and A. platensis, respectively. 6In total, 78% crude protein (Lorca Nutrición Animal SA, Murcia, Spain). Total P: 0.718 g 100 g; total phytate P: 0.01 g 100 g. 7Soycomil, 60% crude protein, 1.5% crude lipid (ADM, Poland). Total P: 0.66 g 100 g; total phytate P: 0.42 g 100 g. 8Pea protein concentrate, 85% crude protein, 1.5% crude lipid (Emilio Peña SA, Spain). 9Sunflower seed meal, 35% crude protein, and 6% crude lipid (Lorca Nutrition, Spain). Total P: 0.77 g 100 g; total phytate P: 0.33 g 100 g. 10AF117DHA (Afamsa, Spain). 11P700IP (Lecico, DE). 12Local provider (Almería, Spain). 13,14,17,18Lorca Nutrición Animal SA (Murcia, Spain). 15Lifebioencapsulation SL (Almería, Spain). Vitamins (mg kg−1): vitamin A (retinyl acetate), 2,000,000 UI; vitamin D3 (DL-cholecalciferol), 200,000 UI; vitamin E (Lutavit E50), 10,000 mg; vitamin K3 (menadione sodium bisulfite), 2,500 mg; vitamin B1 (thiamine hydrochloride), 3,000 mg; vitamin B2 (riboflavin), 3,000 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10,000 mg; nicotinic acid, 20,000 mg; vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride), 2,000 mg; vitamin B9 (folic acid), 1,500 mg; vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), 10 mg vitamin H (biotin), 300 mg; inositol, 50,000 mg; betaine (Betafin S1), 50,000 mg. Minerals (mg kg−1): Co (cobalt carbonate), 65 mg; Cu (cupric sulfate), 900 mg; Fe (iron sulfate), 600 mg; I (potassium iodide), 50 mg; Mn (manganese oxide), 960 mg; Se (sodium selenite), 1 mg; Zn (zinc sulfate) 750 mg; Ca (calcium carbonate), 18.6%; (186,000 mg); KCl, 2.41%; (24,100 mg); NaCl, 4.0% (40,000 mg). 16,17,18TECNOVIT, Spain. 19EPSA, Spain. 20ePhyt® from Global Feed S.L. (Tervalis Group, Huelva, Spain). 1,309.9 phytase activity units (FTU)/mL. One FTU is defined as the amount of enzyme that releases 1 μmol of inorganic phosphate from phytate per minute under the specified reaction conditions in the International Standard ISO30024. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||