Research Article
Factors Influencing Pain Scores and Opioid Demand after Robotically Assisted Cardiac Surgery
Table 1
Preoperative patient characteristics.
| Age (mean) | 62.1 (SD 10.1) | Gender = male, n (%) | 53/75 (71%) | Height, cm (mean) | 174 (SD 9.8) | Weight, kg (mean) | 82 + 18.1 | Body mass index (mean) | 27 + 4.6 | Hypertension, n (%) | 54/75 (72%) | Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 14/75 (19%) | New York Heart Association Stage, n (%) | 1 | 23/75 (31%) | 2 | 27/75 (36%) | 3 | 19/75 (25%) | 4 | 6/75 (8%) | Smoking history, n (%) | Never smoker | 43 (57%) | Current smoker | 10 (13%) | Former smoker | 22 (29%) | COPD, n (%) | 14/75 (81%) | FEV1, % (mean) | 101.3% (SD 15.3) | DLCO, % (mean) | 99.1% (SD 19.3) | Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%) | 13/75 (17%) | Bronchodilator use, n (%) | 7/75 (9.3%) | Preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction, % (mean) | 57.8 ± 9.1% | Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 7/75 (9.3%) | Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 0/75 (0%) | Liver dysfunction (any), n (%) | 1/75 (1.3%) | Preoperative dialysis need, n (%) | 1/75 (1.3%) |
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